The Phases of the Moon are caused by the Moon going into the Earth's Shadow

The phases of the moon result from the revolution of the moon around the Earth, and our observations of the facing hemisphere, cycling through a day and night sequence. Only during a lunar eclipse will the moon intersect the Earth's shadow. The transition from the uneclipsed moon to the eclipsed moon takes about one hour. The phase cycle of the moon occurs in approximately 29 1/2 days.

The Moon has a Hemisphere in Perpetual Darkness called th Dark Side

Nothing could be further from the truth. The moon has a portion of its surface (41%) that is never visible to earthbound observers, but all places on the moon experience a day and night cycle. When the moon is new and the hemisphere facing us is not illuminated, the other hemisphere is in full illumination. A better term for the hemisphere not visible from Earth would be the moon's far side.

The Moon Requires 28 Days to Complete one Phase Period, as well as one Period of Revolution around the Earth

The moon' orbital period or sidereal period is 27 1/3 days, while the time the moon takes to complete a cycle of phases, is its synodic period, 29 1/2 days. The discrepancy arises because as the moon revolves around the Earth, the Earth is also revolving around the sun. In one orbital period of the moon (27 1/3 days), the Earth has moved about 27 degrees in its orbit around the sun. While the moon has completed one orbit of Earth, it is no longer in the same phase orientation. It will take the moon an extra 2 1/6 days of orbital motion until it has aligned itself in the same manner to be able to repeat the same phase. Therefore, a lunar phase period equals 27 1/3 days, plus 2 1/6 days, or about 29 1/2 days, on the average. Rather than compromising between these two periods as most educators continue to do, it is better to emphasize the lunar phase period of 29 1/2 days. It is what we observe in the sky as we watch the moon cycling through its phases. The word ?onth" (moonth) is derived directly from the phase period. The phase cycle of the moon represented the first calendric systems used by early humans. It is also the most important time interval regulating eclipses. Solar eclipses can only occur when the moon is new, while lunar eclipses can only happen at the time of a full moon.

The Moon Does Not Rotate

The moon completes exactly one rotation about its axis in the same period of time it takes to make one revolution around the Earth. This period is equal to 27 1/3 days. That is why we always observe the same hemisphere of the moon facing us.