Stellar Evolution

Answers

ATOMS

1. atom

2. proton, neutron, electron

3. nucleus

4. electrons

5. positive, negative

6. equal

7. charged (not neutral, ionized), ions

8. plasma, GAS, HOT

9. Energy, ionized

ENERGY

10. electromagnetic

11. gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves

12. light (186, 000 miles/second or 300,000 km/sec)

13. bullet (photon, quanta, energy packet, ray), wave

14. bullet

15. wave

16. wavelength

17. radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays

18. light, HIGHER

19. frequency

20. HIGH--gamma rays, or X rays, or short ultraviolet
    MEDIUM--long ultraviolet, or visible light, or short infrared
    LOW--long infrared, or microwaves, or radio waves

21. HIGHER, HIGHER

22. eye, ROY G. BIV = red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet (This simple
    mnemonic device gives an approximate feeling for the colors of the visible spectrum.)

23. red, LOWEST, HIGHEST

24. energy, MORE

THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND MATTER

25. blackbody

26. RED, MORE

27. temperature (to the fourth power)

28. MORE, SHORTER, BLUER

29. infrared, visible, ultraviolet, color

30. temperature, blue, red

31. spectrograph, spectrum

32. 5000, SHORTER

33. HOTTER, temperature (Wien's Law)

34. hydrogen, helium, metals (Remember, this is astrophysical jargon.)

THREE LAWS OF SPECTROSCOPY

35. continuous

36. emission

37. absorption

38. Kirchhoff

THE MESSAGE OF STARLIGHT

39. absorption, temperatures

40. intensity, DOES NOT, classification

41. FARTHER FROM, LESS, LOWER, LESS

42. molecules, metals, hydrogen, helium

43. hot, medium, cool

44. Oh Boy A Fine Girl Kissed Me (I know that's sexist. So let me know if you have
had a more creative success). Oh Becker's Astronomical Field Guide Kills Me
(words of despair from a former PSU student who failed the course)

45. a) Fe X, b) Si III, c) Si IV, d) H I, but normally written as just H

46. HOTTER

THE BRIGHTNESS OF STARS

47. magnitude, Greeks

48. first, sixth

49. LESS, 2.51, 100

50. apparent

51. distance

52. close, luminous (bright), distance, square of its distance

53. QUANTITATIVE, absolute

54. parallaxes, 3.26

55. one parsec

56. 10 parsecs, 32.6

57. absolute

58. Hertzsprung, Russell, absolute, H-R

THE CLASSIFICATION OF STARS: UNDERSTANDING THE H-R DIAGRAM

59. Hertzsprung-Russell

60. absolute magnitude (luminosity)

61. temperature

62. main sequence, hydrogen, helium, lives (existence, time)

63. mass

64. COOL, HOT

65. LOW, HIGH

66. collapse, pressures, long, short

67. structure, LESS, large, red giants

68. small, white dwarfs

69. luminosity, evolutionary

70. shell, helium

71. cores, electrons, degenerate

72. average, hot, luminous, LARGER, mass, SHORT

73. pressures, temperatures, long

74. 0.08 (8/100), 60 (many texts say up to 100 solar masses, but that's probably too
high)

75. evolutionary

STELLAR BIRTH

76. contract, FASTER

77. luminous, huge, downward, left

*78. decreases, convection, dust

*79. radiative, hydrogen (thermonuclear)

*80. left, temperatures, blue supergiants

81. main sequence, zero, mass

82. hydrogen, helium

STELLAR DEATH

83. helium

84. INCREASE, ACCELERATING, MORE

85. shell, INCREASE

86. DECREASE, luminosity, red giant

87. helium, helium flash, triple-alpha

88. COOLS, *horizontal

89. WARMER, SMALLER

90. carbon, shell, super

91. planetary, white dwarf, black dwarf

92. elements (metals or atoms), iron

93. shells (layers), SHORTER

94. exothermic, endothermic

95. collapses

96. neutrinos, SECONDS

97. supernova, heavier

98. neutron (Rapidly rotating neutron stars are called pulsars.)

99. TYPE II, hydrogen

*100. TYPE I, red giant

*101. degeneracy, expands

102. second

Note: An asterisk indicates a more difficult concept.